Black History Of American Education - 2125 Words

â€Å"The history of American education abounds with themes that represent the inextricable ties between citizenship in a democratic society and popular education.†(Anderson) As a result of their skin color, blacks had always been discriminated against in US society. As a result, blacks had become jaded to the harshness of inequality and could not find a plausible way to gain equal footing because they were taught that they were lesser beings than whites. From late 19th century to the end of the 20th century, blacks have championed for their civil rights as a result of the initial education and basic civil rights granted to them after constitutionally written freedom from slavery. However, blacks were still inhibited from becoming full members of society by discriminatory racial stereotypes and laws imposed on them by US society such as Jim Crows laws. Black history in the US, as a result, is immensely complicated and unique as is portrays the struggle of a race to elevate to an equal status of whites in US society, a struggle that continues to this day. However, oppression caused by Jim Crow laws stimulated the formation of black political parties that unified the race, notably the NAACP, and by utilizing the education given to the blacks during the Reconstruction Era and beyond, they formed a sense of black culture and identity, advancing their racial position in society. Through the power of education and economic opportunities, blacks obtained basic citizenship, a key traitShow MoreRelatedA City Where Black Power Won : The Origins Of The Black Panther Party On College Campuses1350 Words   |  6 Pages A City Where Black Power Won: The Origins of the Black Panther Party on College Campuses Paula Deroseney Dr. Carl Suddler AAS 385: Urban History 31 March 2016 The movement of African American migrants out of the South and into northern California laid the foundation for the development of the Black Panther Party (BPP), which served as a voice for the black community. With this new wave of black migrant families into California came a new, younger generation whose SouthernRead More The Role of HBCUs in American Society Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesalmost two hundred years, Historically Black Colleges and Universities or HBCUs have played a pivotal role in the education of African-American people, and negro people internationally. 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Board of Education Court Case Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brown v. Board of Education Court Case served as a highlighted issue in black history. Brown v. Board help different races comes together in public schools. This case became very big 1950s lots of attention was drawn to the case at that time. News reporter and critics had different views and opinions about this case. This case in 1954 causes lots of issues and views towards the black race. The quote â€Å" separate but equal† is vital due to â€Å"Plessy v. Ferguson† and the famous lawyer Thurgood MarshallRead MoreThe Role of Hbcus in American Society880 Words   |  4 Pagesalmost two hundred years, Historically Black Colleges and Universities or HBCUs have played a pivotal role in the education of African-American people, and negro people internationally. 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In the turbulent years that followed, the nation struggled to come to terms with the legacy of centuries of mistreatment of African-Americans and other minorities.† (â€Å"Sixty Years Later†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1) Eloquently put, this quote represents the struggle America had with the case. Brown v. Board was revolutionary, it not only changed the students bodies of schoolsRead MoreWhat Can Educators Do For African Americans?815 Words   |  4 PagesFor more than 50 years black students lag behind their peers from other racial groups on achievement. Educators play a huge role in the equality of education for all students. Interventions, reforms, and legislation have been proposed in various forms for seve ral decades. The question is what can educators do to assist African American students in being successful and having an unbiased educational experience? How do we create children to be new thinkers and inventors that tackle racial disparities

Essay on Analysis of Televsion Show I Dream of Jeannie

The 1960’s was a decade filled with revolution across America, in the forms of both counterculture and pop culture. The second wave of feminism ran rampant, powered by Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. The role of the housewife began to be placed under the microscope and women started to wonder aloud whether they were truly happen being second-rate to their husbands. The television sitcoms of the 1960’s displayed this change in thinking, one sitcom specifically being I Dream of Jeannie. The plot of I Dream of Jeannie centered on an astronaut named Major Tony Nelson and his incidental discovery of a genie in a bottle. This genie, named Jeannie, saves Nelson from the island he is stranded on and she stows away in his luggage to follow†¦show more content†¦Women serving men out of love seems a step better than women serving men because of cultural norms, but that still didn’t jibe with feminists. Larry Hagman, the actor who played Tony Nelson, m aintains the show’s innocence in promoting any feminist ideas. In a quote on the show’s website, Larry Hagman believes that back in those days we didnt have underlying messages. We werent trying to suggest anything. All we were trying to do was be funny (Concept, 2009). Regardless, I Dream of Jeannie’s portrayal of the subservient housewife, no matter how funny or abnormal Jeannie’s role was, showed the capability of women to be of equal strength and intelligence as men. Not only was Jeannie’s servitude an issue with feminists, but Jeannie’s attire also raised some eyebrows. Dressed in the pink, seductive outfit of a harem, Jeannie bent censorship barriers when the concept originally had her navel exposed outside of her outfit. It was ultimately decided that her navel wouldn’t be shown, but the argument brought much publicity to the cause for more exposure on television. Because of her attire and the content of the show, I Dream of Je annie can be seen as one of the first sitcoms to break away from the wholesome family mold made famous by television series like Leave It to Beaver, The Andy Griffith Show and Lassie. The housewives of those shows wouldn’t dare wear the costume made famous by Jeannie.

Marie is a 13 year old female Free Essays

Marie is a 13 year old female, who, along with 2 adults (both age 18), staged a kidnapping of a 13 year old girl in Marie’s class. They tied and gagged the little girl to the kidnapping spot. Should Marie be brought to trial as a juvenille or tried in an adult court? Is Marie classified as a juvenile offender? To answer these questions we will look at what classifies a juvenile offender, offenses that constitutes juvenile tried as adults, criminal intent surrounding Marie’s case, what sentencing guidelines should be considered and what treatment conditions should be made. We will write a custom essay sample on Marie is a 13 year old female or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a sad fact that people of all ages commit crimes, yes, even children under legal age of adult hood which varies from state to state. Because of this â€Å"juvenile† court systems have been designed to â€Å"sentence† those who are too young to be tried as an adult. Those juvenile that commit crimes usually are tried before a special the juvenile court and receive their punishment. However, some juvenile are committing adult crimes and therefore should be charged as adults. When these cases arise a juvenile offender can be waived from juvenile court to adult court if the offense was â€Å"adult† enough. Usually a wavering processing has to be conducted via the procecustor. However, many states have laws allowing prosecutors to file adult charges against juvenile offenders for serious offenses without applying for a waiver (www.expertlaw.com). In addition, many states have seen the need to eliminate some serious offensives from juvenile court. Because of their severity; offenses such as capital crimes, murders, and other offenses against persons will be tried only in adult courts. According to www.co.san-joaquin.ca.us, those adolesants at least 14 years of age can be tried and sentenced to as an adult form a number of felonies. These felonies include: murder, attempted murder, arson, robbery with a deadly or dangerous weapon, various forms of rape, kidnapping, and carjacking. It is vital to point out that under most state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crimes, they commit delinquent acts that some would constitute as crimes in committed by adults. With the understanding of juvenile offenders and what offenses permit a juvenile to be tried as an adult, should Marie be tried as an adult for her involvement in the kidnapping of her classmate? In my opinion, yes Marie should be tried as an adult. As a juvenile offender tried as an adult she will have the legal protection as adult’s defendants: right to an attorney, the right to remain silent, and the right to confront accusers, cross-examine witnesses and appeal to a higher court. According to the legal dictonary criminal intent is a mental desire and will to act in a particular way. Marie’s intent was plotting with the adults to kidnap her classmate. Because juvenile are not â€Å"sentenced† even when tried as adults, instead they are rehabilitated, Marie should still face a juror of six adults. Her past history with the juvenile system, opportunity of reform, seriousness and her involvement in the kidnapping as well as how the public’s safety will be affected if she is not locked up should be considered in the guidelines of the sentencing of the case. Treatment consideration should be provided to the court as a rehabilitation program such as a detention center or â€Å"boot camp†. Even if this is her first offense, it is clear by her involvement in this crime that she is headed down the wrong path and redirection is in order. It is known by adult court judges that the adult prisons offer little in the way of rehabilitation, counseling, or schooling. Therefore rehabilitation is mostly likely the route the juvenile would get. A rehabilitation center would provide her the maximum security training schools operated by state governments or non-profit organizations. In these facilities she would be placed through a rigorous program of education and counseling. Marie should not be sent to an adult prison, as a 1996 study of children sent to an adult prison were 1/3 more likely to commit crimes when released than those who were sent to a rehabilitation center (Juvenile Justice).   If she is transferred into a boot camp, she would be involved in a military style regimen or hard work, calisthenics and discipline (Kresnak, pg 04). According to Jack Kresnak, the purposes of these camps are imposing structure into their chaotic live. Even though I have suggested and support Marie being tried as an adult for her involvement in this terrible crime and refer her to obtaining rehabilitation for her actions, this is not saying that juveniles are not sentenced to pinion. In retrospect, www.expertlaw.com was quick to point out that many states have large juvenile prisons and treatment facilities. It is highly understood that some juvenile offenders are extremely dangerous and despite their age incarceration can and should be appropriate for them. It is also vital to know that if tried as a juvenile, these juvenile offenders are not offered the same guidelines as adults. They have no constitutional right to a jury trial, and do have a right to a public trail or bail. The purpose of juvenile trail is to rehabilitate not to punish. That is why I stand firm on my ground that Marie should be tried as an adult. She committed a crime and being tried as an adult will ensure that she is â€Å"scared† into the proper social behavior. However, the only problem we foresee in her being tried as an adult is that Marie is only 13 years of age. Most states as we have read allow children as young as 14 to be tried as an adult for various felonies, because of this legal catch, can we still have her tried as an adult? Yes, in the state of Colorado according to http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir. â€Å"a juvenile 12 or 13 years of age and is alleged to have committed an act that if committed by an adult would constitute a Class 1 or 2 felony or crime of violence as defined in section 18-1.3-406, C.R.S.† can be tried as an adult. Because of this law in Colorado I conclude that Marie should be tried as an adult for her involvement in the kidnapping of her classmate and sentenced to a rehabilitation center or boot camp. In either place, she will gain the educational and discipline to become a better citizen and well rounded person and hopefully become reformed enough to play an active, good moral role in our society upon her completion of the program. Refrences: When a Child can be tried as an adult, A publication of the office of Legilaive legal services. August 30, 2005.       https://www.expertlaw.com/library/criminal/juvenile_law.html Criminal Law: Juvenile Criminal Cases. 1999 National Report Series, Juvenile Justice.    Bulletin: Juvenile Justice: A Century of Change: December 1999.      Kresnak, Jack. Chapter 2, Juvenile Justice. http://www.justicejournalism.org/crimeguide/chapter02/chapter02_pg04.html How to cite Marie is a 13 year old female, Essay examples

Burials by AFI free essay sample

The fans of AFI have often been separated into two, radically distinct categories: those who have supported the band since their esoteric horror punk days, and the deluge of new followers who hopped on the bandwagon following the groups groundbreaking release Sing the Sorrow, which catapulted their newfangled brand of tortured alternative rock into the mainstream eye. Some self-declared purists have been quick to decry the evolving sound of AFI, accusing them of swapping their earlier aggression for accessible hooks and an over-polished production technique. I think, though, that some of these hardened pessimists would be quick to retract their criticism when exposed to the bands latest effort Burials, an album which seems to combine their past sounds into a cohesive, addicting package. Right off the bat, the bands traditional obsession with bleak, pensive musicality is called to the forefront. The album opens with â€Å"The Sinking Night†, marching drums and a dystopian guitar lick carrying the charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Burials by AFI or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its a clever and effective opener, culminating with a barrage of punishing power chords, segueing perfectly into â€Å"I Hope You Suffer†, a fluidly menacing track containing both a punks caustic lyricism, and the reserved, efficient musicianship expected from a band of AFIs breed. The layering of disparate sounds to produce a new vision is quite commendable on this album, solidifying their place in the alt-rock consciousness of today. This positive trend continues throughout the album. â€Å"Greater Than 84† is an uptempo surprise situated towards the end of the album, punctuated by a jagged, satisfying guitar riff, and a relentlessly catchy chorus which could have been sung by any given pop-punk band circa 2001. â€Å"Anxious† takes on the form of a driving, anthemic expression of pure melancholy. As the swirling backup vocals and wild guitars sweep the song to a close, the singer Davey Havoks sentiments, whether actively expressed or not, are achingly palpable. Its moments like these where the purpose behind the album really becomes clear, the desire of the band to unite both their major eras under a storm of existentialist angst. Overall, while the artistic merits of this sort of music can be thoroughly debated, Burials is an album which offers seemingly endless replay value, a valuable testament to the repurposing of past sounds and messages.

Collaborative Process In Support of Safe Schools Essay Example

Collaborative Process In Support of Safe Schools Essay School violence is not a problem of schools alone. Since students are the primary victims and perpetrators of school violence, they hold a critical key to the success of whatever solutions are developed. Schools must ensure the safety and security of students by adopting a comprehensive approach to addressing school safety that focuses on prevention, intervention, and response planning. Schools must also meet the developmental needs of youth and this requires a coordinated, comprehensive, school-community-wide effort that includes law enforcement, faith groups, businesses, government, seniors, community-based and youth-serving organizations, along with students, teachers, administrators and parents.More than anything else, the school shootings of recent years have taught us that school safety is not about any one method of control: metal detectors, surveillance systems, or swift punishment. Nor is it about any single risk factor such as dysfunctional homes and inadequate schools. We have learned that we cannot identify with certainty those students who, for reasons clear only to themselves, will assault their teachers and peers. We now understand that safe schools require broad-based efforts on the part of the entire community, including educators, students, parents, law enforcement agencies, businesses, and faith-based organizations.Efforts to enhance school safety must involve students at an early age and be reinforced throughout their education. Many communities have reduced school crime, violence, and substance abuse by developing comprehensive safe school plans that are integrated into the overall school improvement process.Schools that have comprehensive violence prevention and response plans in place, plus teams to design and implement those plans, report the following positive results: improved academics, reduced disciplinary referrals and suspensions, improved school climate that is more conducive to learning, better staff morale, more efficient use of human and financial resources, and enhanced safety.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of the collaborative process, identify stakeholders,   and enumerate strategies and programs to promote safe schools.Developing School/Community PartnershipsSafe School StakeholdersAccording to Pollack Sundermann (2001), school/community partnerships are the key to building safe schools and communities. Stakeholders have important roles to play in reducing school violence and improving the learning environment. These people should have an interest and power to create change in the current school learning environment for school safety (Sidoran, 2006). They have to be in a position to maintain momentum, create â€Å"buy-in† with others, and sustain positive visibility. According to the National Center for Safe Routes to School (2006), stakeholders include people with job responsibilities related to Safe Routes to School (SRTS) and community members who are interested or impacted by SRTS. They are divided into 7 categories.First are the educators: school principals, teachers, school nurse, crossing guards, school superintendent, school board members, teacher assistants, after school program staff, nearby university or college educators, community health educators.Second are engineers and planners: City or county traffic engineer; public works streets department personnel; community development and parks/recreation department planners.Third are the enforcers: Local traffic officers, head of the traffic division, police chief, sheriff or chief of the state police;Fourth are the school district police; parent patrol and crossing guards; code enforcement officers.Fifth include the community members: neighbors, users of impacted streets, parents, teens, college students, grandparents and community volunteers (Scouts, faith group members, YMCA/YWCA, Bluebirds, sports leagues, civic organizations, businesses). Bicycle and pedestrian advocates, riding clu bs and walking groups are frequent stakeholders.Sixth, are the elected officials (usually local) may also become SRTS champions.Last but not the least are the emergency responders fire/ambulance EMTS oremergency room personnel.Team DynamicsTeam dynamics is an integral part of every collaborative effort in maintaining safe schools. It involves the continuous interaction and coordination of the stakeholders with the school and among themselves. This can be only made possible through active communication and regular meetings. Whenever people come together as a collaborative, with competing agendas, for the purpose of planning we can expect that it will be time consuming, and at times frustrating. Everyone in the â€Å"community team† has to exercise patience, courage, honesty, and a commitment that they will build consensus for the group toward a common goal (Sidoran, 2006).According to an article in Cops In Schools (2007), â€Å"Each individual and organization brings expecta tions to the collaboration. Before inviting stakeholders, hypothesize about the expectations and potential contributions each person and whether these are within the goals of the community policing effort. Upon inviting the stakeholders to participate, discuss with the potential stakeholder, individual and organizational expectations for the collaboration and assess if these actual expectations are reasonable and within the goals of the community policing effort. Similarly, discuss the contributions and level of involvement that each stakeholder wants and is able to make to the collaborative effort. â€Å"Whether the team is well-established or newly established, there is no assurance that its members will function effectively as a team. Any â€Å"community team† that gathers as a collaborative for school safety must be representative of the school community (Sidoran, 2006).   Indeed, one of the strengths of the Schoolwide Team should be its diversity in expertise, skills, and experiences. The common goal of developing safe schools should galvanize all parties to pool their resources and work collaboratively. Everyone in the â€Å"community team† has to exercise patience, courage, honesty, and a commitment that they will build consensus for the group toward a common goal. Leadership will plan a vital role as various partners come to the table in the interest of planning for school safety. The role of a leader in a collaborative effort underscores the ability to â€Å"make sense† out of the ideas that come to the table and find a way to â€Å"fit† competing and comparable ideas together. The leader must be a strategic planner with a long view of the future and a concern for long-term program evaluation. While the leadership style is critical, the concept of consensus, within the community team can be equally as challenging.Comprehensive School ProgramAfter the school/community profile has been completed and the challenges facing a school have been identified through data analysis, the planning team can begin to prioritize problems and designate goals and measurable objectives that address the schools needs. In prioritizing the problems the plan will address, the planning team should focus on schoolwide prevention and interventions, especially those for targeted students. This comprehensive safe school plan must become an integral part of the school improvement process. For example, after looking at the data and school profile, the team may determine that bullying and harassment are problems. In addition, data may show that discipline problems in the school are more prevalent among boys than among girls, and surveys could indicate that parents underestimate the degree of violence at school.Also according to the California State Board of Education, this comprehensive program should also include a planned sequence of strategies and activities appropriate for all students and should be based on specific needs id entified by a broad-based safe school committee. The program should have a major focus that is preventive in nature and supports the development of youths assets. In addition, it should include provisions to deal with critical issues, such as truancy; racial conflict; bullying; gang activities on campus; violent behaviors; weapons possession on campus; drug, alcohol, and other substance abuse; and natural disasters.The plan should also incorporate after-school programs and extracurricular and co-curricular activities that address individual student needs to belong and to be respected and appreciated.Finally, the plan should include procedures for accommodating children and youth with disabilities.Furthermore, the State Board believes that comprehensive safe school plans and programs should focus attention on the strengths and experiences that students, teachers, administrators, and other school personnel bring to the school campus; the physical setting and conditions in which educat ion takes place; the organizational and interpersonal processes that occur in and around school; and the general atmosphere or spirit of the school.After the planning team has identified the problems, it should draft a general goal statement to serve as a focal point for prevention and intervention efforts: for example, For the next 3 years, Golden Valley Elementary School will create a respectful, peaceful, and disciplined environment. Once the goal has been established, the team must determine measurable objectives. An objective could be measured by using data captured in the school profile as benchmarks. In the example above, a measurable objective could be to reduce the incidence of bullying and harassment over the next year by 25 percent as determined by school-administered student surveys.Identifying Strategies and Implementing ProgramsThe next step in the process is to identify strategies and programs that effectively address the specific needs of students and their families. A programs popularity or the availability of funds to implement it is an inadequate criterion for selecting a program. Educators should take sufficient time to adequately research proposed initiatives, visiting schools implementing similar efforts and thoroughly familiarizing themselves with new strategies. Slow, steady progress is the recipe for sustained success. Staff buy-in is another essential ingredient, for if teachers are not in favor of proposed change, success will be unlikely. Buy-in can be advanced by involving staff in the planning and implementation of the comprehensive safe school plan. In addition, throughout the selection, training, and implementation process, schools must monitor and evaluate a programs effectiveness, modifying it as needed to better address their particular needs.Strategic Planning.An ongoing strategic planning process is used to enable schools to identify their specific needs in regards to creating a more disciplined and productive learning envi ronment. It incorporates the use of a template (SSER: Safe Schools Evaluation Rubric) that outlines the process of improving   the schools leadership teams, promoting school-wide promotion, classroom and non-classroom interaction policies, and individual systems. Problems are identified and analyzed within each problem area. Best practices are established and then implemented at a global level. Effectiveness is continually monitored along a prescribed timeline in order to provide further analysis and possibly other alternatives for specific incidences. All decisions originate from data-based results in order to provide the schools with opportunities to implement positive instructional and learning environments. The school is able to decide what its primary focus and needs is, and analyzes where redundant practices exists so that minimal effort and maximum potential may be achieved (Jannnasch-Pennell, DiGangi, ; Pukys, 2002)Tactical Planning.Tactical planning involves creating a su rvey site of the school grounds. It is a multidisciplinary hazard and vulnerability assessment carried out as part of the emergency pre-planning process. During a walk-through tour of the facility, each room as well as the surrounding grounds and immediate neighborhood is evaluated. The process involves a team of school and public safety officials using a standardized checklist to note findings and recommendations. When combined with student, staff and parent surveys, a review of reported incident data and the community hazard assessment report, a thorough safety evaluation of the school can be achieved. This process is also among the most effective means to determine which types of security and safety equipment, technology, policies and practices should be utilized at the schoolor support facility.Every school should be evaluated by a properly coordinated tactical site survey team at least once each year. More comprehensive than a fire inspection, crime prevention through environme ntal design assessment or simple security audit, the tactical site survey is a multidisciplinary assessment of the facility as well as the grounds, parking areas and even the surrounding neighborhood. Tactical site surveys should also be conducted at support facilities, athletic facilities and any other facility operated by a school system. The tactical site survey is also a crisis preplanning activity where criticalinformation about the facility is noted and recorded for use by public safety responseofficials. (Dorn ; Dorn, 2005)Protective and risk factorsâ€Å"Risk factors† are any circumstances that may increase youths’ likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors. Conversely, â€Å"protective factors† are any circumstances that promote healthy youth behaviors and decrease the chance that youth will engage in risky behaviors (www.helpingamericasyouth.gov, 2007).Risk factors and protective factors are divided into 5 categories. These are individual, family, schoo l, peer group, and community.When schools foster resilience, students are empowered to overcome risk factors that could lead them into making dangerous choices. And when schools enhance protective factors, they offer youth the ability and opportunity to redirect their energies toward achieving success.To further explain, one risk factor in the family is sibling antisocial behavior. If parents fail to set standards for their teen’s behavior, it increases the likelihood that the teen will engage in delinquent behavior. Conversely, a protective factor is effective parenting.Exposure to risk factors in the relative absence of protective factors dramatically increases the likelihood that a young person will engage in problem behaviors. The most effective approach for improving young people’s lives is to reduce risk factors while increasing protective factors in all of the areas that touch their lives so other interventions should create services that address risk factors an d build protective factors for students at risk of developing academic and behavior difficulties. Such interventions can include tutoring, instruction in problem solving, and conflict resolution provided by counseling and mental health staff. Another potential intervention is mentoring, which has been identified as effective in preventing problem behaviors and has a positive effect on most youth (e.g., improving their academic performance and their sense of self-worth).Mitigation of School Violence.All involved in working to prevent or respond to school violence should be aware that no strategy can provide any guarantee against violence erupting. School violence has increasingly come into the public eye due to deadly multiple shootings in both urban and rural areas. Although multiple victim homicides are extremely rare, Physical conflicts, threats, and harassment are, however, still common.These are some of the important causes of school violence: exposure to violence within the fam ily and community, child abuse, poor parenting practices, peer pressure to engage in violent behavior, social prejudices (race, religion, ethnicity, physical appearance, etc.), drug and/or alcohol abuse, and negative self-student image.Again the role of the collaborative process comes into play. Both the community and school stakeholders should develop strategies appropriate for their own particular school and community environments.In order to reduce school violence, one must first start in lowering rates of delinquency, harassment, bullying, suicide, and all other forms of violence and antisocial behavior. Family members, especially the parents, should have an early start in changing their child’s behavior, thus, decreasing would-be criminals.The level of physical security may need to be modified in order to lower schools vulnerability to violent behaviors. Administrators should initiate a comprehensive security assessment survey of their schools physical design, safety pol icies, and emergency procedures (International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2001).The school should also establish a climate that encourages and enables students, teachers to report acts of violence and provide extra counseling to the delinquents. The school counselor should find ways to encourage postive behavior rather than emphasizing on punishment for negative behavior.Student rules must be communicated, understood, and consistently enforced. They also must comply with constitutionally guaranteed due process procedures.To channel violent behavior, the school should also promote free and attractive after-school activities. These include sporting activities, assistance with schoolwork, and social events.The faculty and staff should also be encouraged to challenge the way students think about problem solving. Violence in school settings often erupts as impulsive or irrational reactions to immediate problems.Evaluating the Program and Sharing OutcomesOnce a program or strategy h as been implemented, the process of comprehensive safe school planning is still not complete. Evaluating program results should be a crucial component of every plan.The goals of evaluation are to inform schools about what is and is not working so that they modify their plans accordingly. Once the goals of the evaluation have been established, the planning team must determine what questions should be addressed and which performance indicators should be used. The team must also decide who will manage the evaluation and how the data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. The data must then be collected and analyzed and the findings reported in a manner that will facilitate their use. Upon completion of the evaluation, the comprehensive safe school plan should be reviewed in light of its findings and modified accordingly.Evaluation helps foster accountability, determine whether programs have made a difference, and provide personnel with the information necessary to improve servic e delivery. Most important, evaluation can identify whether the implemented program has had any impact on participants knowledge, attitudes, and actions regarding violence, anger, and other targeted behavior. When integrated into the fabric of a program, evaluation can be an important tool in improving the programs quality. The two principal types of evaluation are process and outcome evaluations.Evaluating the progress of a programs implementation assists the planning team in determining if program goals are being met. For example, after a new safe school policy has been adopted, how is it enforced? If the policy mandates parent conferences for all first infractions and suspensions for subsequent infractions, is the policy effective? If not, why? What would be one way to achieve better enforcement? Establishing the nature and extent of program implementation is an important first step in studying program outcomes.ConclusionCommunities across the Nation are beginning to take proacti ve approaches to reducing youth violence in schools. While many school districts are mandating the formulation of safe school plans, schools must go beyond merely creating crisis response plans, which do little to prevent violence. Schools that understand the complexity of youth violence and the steps necessary to address it effectively are developing comprehensive safe school plans that require collaboration among community agencies. They are gathering data and using that data to shape planning and implementation decisions to target specific needs. Recognizing the need to go beyond single-focus responses, they are developing primary prevention plans that begin in kindergarten and are reinforced across grade levels. Comprehensive safe school plans support the development of social skills (e.g., conflict resolution) and a school environment that helps students manage anger, solve problems, and treat others with respect. Such plans also provide the intensive interventions needed by yo uth at particular risk for violence.Our children’s future, and that of our state, depend upon making every school campus a safe learning environment. Troubled children often develop a pattern that leads through escalating behavior problems to eventual violence. We must work tirelessly to recognize early patterns of behavior — such as truancy, vandalism and substance abuse — and implement strategies to prevent youth from turning to more serious crime. If caught early enough, at-risk youth can escape a life of crime and violence.Unfortunately, comprehensive safe school planning will not ensure the elimination of every act of violence on every school campus. Schools that engage in such planning and implement their plans effectively, however, are more likely to foster safe environments for their students and teachers.Finally, schools cannot accomplish this mission in isolation. Success depends on everyone working together — students, parents, school staff, la w enforcement, community service organizations, social service agencies, businesses, local government, faith community leaders and all other community members. Success requires partnerships, cooperation, strong will and commitment.

Ballads essays

Ballads essays Ballads are poems, usually expressed through musical stanzas that tell a story. Readers and listeners from children to adults, all socioeconomic classes and education levels enjoy ballads from the Middle Ages to the present day. Ballads tell stories of a time in which the composer lived. They may be stories about families, fisherman, poor-men, love, heroes, and working classes. Some are funny and some are satirical. The poems or stories are not sophisticated; rather they draw on emotion. People are drawn to folklore and/or a belief in the supernatural. They are moved by the tragedy of loved ones, stirred by acts of bravery, raged by acts of violence, comforted by justice that prevails and humored by good-natured squabbles and quick whit. The main characteristic of a ballad is the beginning usually tells the end of the story. In the Middle Age era, there is little to no background material given and little is known about the characters before the central event is told. Many stories recounted events that were well known to their audience so it was unnecessary to give background information or identify the characters by name. If the story was about a certain king he was simply referred to as the king and everyone knew whom the author was referring to. Popular ballads of todays era give more background information about the characters in the first verse so the audience can relate to the poem or song. Similarities of Middle Age and modern day ballads include the stanzas. The stanza is generally a four or five line phrase that may or may not rhyme. Ballads are kept in simple language and are made up of four to five lines versus. There is usually repetition at the end of the verse, called a refrain, used for the artist to either think up the next verse, as often done during the Middle Ages, or to advance the story as used in popular ballads. Frankie and Johnny, (Boyd Bench) and M...

Contrastive analysis of perception verbs in English and Arabic Thesis - 1

Contrastive analysis of perception verbs in English and Arabic - Thesis Example (Mina smelled the perfume ) (active) (Meher felt a prick in his thumb) (state). (Meher felt sick). (descriptive) Tahir felt his tie (Active) . (Mazi tasted defeat) (descriptive) Lemon tastes bitter (state) (Jack tasted the warm broth) (Active) Chapter 3: Perception verbs in English 3.1  Ã‚   Introduction This chapter presents a discussion on the perception verbs and their usage in English language. It will develop an understanding of the importance and relevance of the correct forms of perception verbs to the meaning of the sentence and will also highlight the basic issues that non-native learners may face when they try to learn the language. This chapter forms an essential background for the conduction of the contrastive analysis between the Arabic and the English language perception verbs.    3.2 What are Perception Verbs Perception verbs are the verbs that define the actions undertaken by our sensory parts. These are an essential element of any languag e as these have the capacity to explain and display a diverse variety of human behavoiurs and nuances. In semantics, perception verbs have been a subject of much debate and research owing to the complexity of their usage as well as their capacity to be modified in language use. The field of perception verbs is one of the important semantic fields that received the attention of linguists since 1970s, along with other semantic fields like basic color terms (Berlin and Kay 1969), body parts (Andersen 1978), cooking verbs (Lehrer 1974), and motion verbs (Talmy 1975). However, while other subjects and aspects of language have been explored in order to assess the richness of the language or to explore the richness with which concepts can be expressed, perception verbs are of interest due to their difficulty to translate into other languages. Perception verbs relate to the active usage of language and portrat not only the perceptions, but often the emotions and the conceptions as well. Thi s makes the usage of the perception verbs complex and difficult to translate in different languages.    Also, other elements of the language like the nouns, vocabulary etc., are easy to learn as these are governed by simple rules of grammar. These semantic fields share universal elements, and exist frequently in many languages. It is a well-known fact that in order to recognize the typological shape of any language, we must be aware of â€Å"the distinctive character of its structure in relation to other languages based mainly on work in general typology, and on contrastive analysis and other types of cross linguistic studies† (Viberg, 2006, p.3). Perception verbs have also â€Å"supplied a rich field of research in linguistics including grammaticalisation, complementation and semantic change† (Ibarretxe-Antunano, 1999, p. 41).      The complexity associated with the perception verbs has its roots in the variety of modes in which perception is understood. Percept ion is a basic human process through which they are able to access external inputs and make sense of their surroundings. However, academic definition of perception is varied as different scholars tend to define perception differently. The definition of perception is essential to understand as it has a direct impact on the development and usage of the perception verbs. Sekuler and Blake defined it as â€Å"a biological process wherein the brain derives descriptions

Joint operations principles, NATO and the Ukraine Crisis Research Paper - 1

Joint operations principles, NATO and the Ukraine Crisis - Research Paper Example The emergence of joint operations is a long story which developed over a long time. This emergence was related to the inherent challenges that affected the general coordination of military forces and their operations. These challenges led to the exploration of alternatives that included the consultation of like-minded partners to conduct operations that had results that affected them in common. The initial attempts however consisted the joint operations involving different forces. With the improvement of military technology, multiservice coordination became even more complex with air power coordination2. Throughout the history of war, various nations have been conducting joint operations and activities against a common enemy. This collaboration has always been related to success in battles. The first ever recorded joint operation in the United States was a dual-service operation in which the Union Army and naval forces in a federal campaign against Vicksburg3. This operation led to the development of unity of effort, mass, leverage and seizing initiative as the first principles of joint operations4. The operation Urgent Fury in Grenada was also an overall success for the United States. The operation introduced a new concept of combining air and land attacks in a coordinated manner and as such was a great success especially due to the use of furious or forceful entry. Over time, various countries have been using the concept of joint operations and its principles to organize and execute military operations and attacks. The most recent and ongoing application of these principles is seen in the Ukrainian crisis. The Ukrainian crisis, which is being executed by the Russians started with the volatile Euromaidan Protests that were witnessed in 2013, November. The involvement of military forces has culminated in Russia’s annexation of the Crimea. These activities have become

American Society and Politics Nowadays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Society and Politics Nowadays - Essay Example Those supporting stricter policies assert that illegal immigrants perpetuate poverty because they undermine benefits and wages stipulated for unskilled labor. When the laws are lenient, liberals and business owners in construction, food processing and hotel industries conspire to ignore the process of enforcing immigration law. In politics, an influx of immigrants is a crucial boost to the forces that facilitated their entry into the country. As an example, in the 2012 elections, there were over 12 million Latinos that cast votes (Kerwin, Chishti & Bergeron 69). According to statistics, that figure represents 10 percent of the body of voters in the US and is capable of changing the political landscape. Census forecasts indicate that the Latino electorate alonSe is estimated to reach 29 million voters in 2016, which sets in motion the scramble for both the Democratic and Republican parties to court them and other smaller immigrant groups (Kerwin, Chishti & Bergeron 74). However, when the immigration is not controlled, some unintended consequences may include higher crime rates, drug trafficking and the threat of terrorism. Therefore, this still leaves the debate for either stricter or lenient immigration policies.

Alternative Careers in Law

Alternative Careers in Law Having a law degree offers a world of opportunities. You dont have to be solely a solicitor. One area you can choose to look at is become a barrister. Barrister If youre not too fond of working with the public and just want to specialize and work mostly in the court room, then being a barrister would be a good choice. Barristers are usually hired by solicitors to help them in creating legal arguments that will convince the juries to side with case of the solicitor. The way barristers summarize the reasons why the court should rule in favor of their client can also be a big help in supporting the case of the solicitor they are assisting. Another thing that barristers do is to cross-examine witnesses. Great barristers can sway or influence the courts decision towards their perspective. Another task that barristers do is to do legal research and turn them into opinions, legal documents, and legal briefs that solicitors can use to strengthen their cases. To succeed in being a barrister, youll need to be very detail oriented, highly analytical and logical. These skills will serve you well in building a career in this niche. Paralegal Another field to look at is being a paralegal. Youll be working closely with solicitors and carry out administrative and support work. This includes preparing documents and doing research for the client cases. Depending on the size of the law firm you work with, your responsibilities could vary. In smaller firms, youll play bigger roles such as client interviewing and casework. Being a paralegal can lead you to a training contract if being a solicitor is ultimately you decide to become. So while youre still not sure about being a solicitor, you can start small and be a paralegal first. Legal Information Professional If you love law and books, you can work in the libraries of the solicitors, or specialist libraries that cater to lawyers. You can also choose to work in the libraries of law schools or colleges. You will do legal research and manage the resources of the library. It will also involve training of lawyers who want to understand how to maximize the use of the library. This work will need some technological know-how as libraries of today maximize technology to make research and support services more efficient. This role would also be perfect for you if youre more introverted and dont want to deal too much with the public or the dramas of the court room. Your role as a legal information professional might also include managing the website of the law firm and their social media platforms like Twitter. Tax consultant Another area you could explore would be to become a tax consultant. There are so much rules and legal information about taxes that you could maximize your law degree especially if you specialized in commerce law. The advantage of getting some mastery of taxation in the UK or Europe is that you become more versatile. You can do work related to mergers and acquisitions and wealth management planning. Your skills would also be needed by businesses when they do tax planning structures, especially now that Brexit is on the horizon. You will also become more indispensable as accountancy firms will find your skills attractive and hire you knowing that you have both legal and taxation specializations. Licensed Conveyancer If you like dealing and specializing in properties, then becoming a licensed conveyancer will be ideal for you. As a licensed conveyancer, your work delves in the legal parts of property transactions. Your work will entail giving legal advice to your clients and preparing contracts and leases. In this field of work, you work with other professionals in the property market such as real estate agents, bank lending officers and other lawyers. Your law degree would definitely be useful in the property market as you can work in the legal department of banks, building societies and housing associations. Trade mark attorney This one is perfect for those who who wants to specialize in something very relevant and in demand right now plus being exposed to the broad side of business rather than just strictly focusing on legal matter. As a trade mark attorney, you need to have sufficient knowledge on areas such as copyright, unfair competition, common law and industrial designs. Your work will involve on providing advisory work in the registration of trade marks of your clients. Copyright infringement is so widespread these days that your services will be very important as you can provide advisory on how your clients can prevent infringing the rights of other companies or if other companies are liable for copyright infringement of your clients brands. If there is, you can work with solicitors on pursuing litigation to get some damages from the culprits. Trade mark attorneys can also work in mergers and acquisitions when there are transfers of ownership, licenses, trade marks and brand names involved. Court Clerk If you want to work closely with justices and magistrates, you might want to become a court clerk. They ensure the efficient running of the courts and justice administration. You also need to do court related admin work such as arranging court time and payment of fines. If you persevere in this niche, you can eventually become a justices chief executive. Arbitrator Another field you can explore is arbitration. There are often a lot of industrial and commercial disputes where your services as an arbitrator would be very useful. As an arbitrator, you act as an impartial third party judge to create resolutions that will be accepted by both parties. You will need to be good at interviewing the parties and witnesses so that you can get the necessary facts to create a fair judgment on the dispute. A law degree is indeed a very versatile degree as it offers you many choices for your career. You dont need to be stuck in one area. If you want to grow and explore other niches, a law degree offers you significant opportunities to do so.

Interview Essay - Larry Clayville -- Interview Essays

Interview Essay - Larry Clayville Larry Clayville was born in Ustick, Idaho, on June 11, 1917. Larry explained that "there was once a post office in Ustick, but there is nothing there now. That is how far out in the woods I was". Larry is a very down to earth man who has seen a lot of life. He has read the newspaper every day of his life. He is a Father, a Grandfather, and seems to be a friend to many. Larry came to California for work in 1946. He is a POW survivor, and is a member of the "Lodge," and has many friends there. He is also currently involved in a relationship. Larry's definition of happiness is, "Having plenty to eat, having a warm place to sleep, and having friends and family. That's enough to make me happy." Larry explained that when he was young, happiness was getting "enough to eat." He said, "That was the worst part of the depression, when you thought about it, there were a lot of hungry people". Other than that, his definition of happiness has not changed a lot over the years. How does Larry know when he is happy? "When you just have that good old happy feeling." He defines that as, "When everything just goes good. You get up in the morning and every thing goes right. You are not mad at any body. It's a good feeling." When Larry is unhappy, he "talks to whoever is close." However, he admits that he keeps most of it to himself. Simple things contribute to Larry's happiness. "Just the bare necessities of life keep me happy." The activity that keeps Larry happy is "Living." He explains, "I am happy that I am alive when I wake up in the morning. Oh hey, if I am alive one more day, I have a chance." About the only thing that makes Larry unhappy any more is illness. "There's nothing that will ta... ...u don't like, but hey, if you dislike things enough, you will do something about them." When asked if he is pleased with his current interpersonal relationships, Larry said, "Yes." Larry also had some thoughts on religion. "I know that there is a higher power, and I believe in that. I came from a religious family, and I rebelled against that. But, I do believe there is something there, a Supreme Being or something like that." Larry also gave a piece of advice for achieving happiness. "If you treat people nice, they will treat you nice. Generally speaking. That is the way I have lived, somewhat of a golden rule." I think that Larry is an intelligent and understanding person, and I can tell that he is well loved by his family and friends. What I admire most is that he is a survivor, and will not let himself get down over the fact that life is not always fair. Interview Essay - Larry Clayville -- Interview Essays Interview Essay - Larry Clayville Larry Clayville was born in Ustick, Idaho, on June 11, 1917. Larry explained that "there was once a post office in Ustick, but there is nothing there now. That is how far out in the woods I was". Larry is a very down to earth man who has seen a lot of life. He has read the newspaper every day of his life. He is a Father, a Grandfather, and seems to be a friend to many. Larry came to California for work in 1946. He is a POW survivor, and is a member of the "Lodge," and has many friends there. He is also currently involved in a relationship. Larry's definition of happiness is, "Having plenty to eat, having a warm place to sleep, and having friends and family. That's enough to make me happy." Larry explained that when he was young, happiness was getting "enough to eat." He said, "That was the worst part of the depression, when you thought about it, there were a lot of hungry people". Other than that, his definition of happiness has not changed a lot over the years. How does Larry know when he is happy? "When you just have that good old happy feeling." He defines that as, "When everything just goes good. You get up in the morning and every thing goes right. You are not mad at any body. It's a good feeling." When Larry is unhappy, he "talks to whoever is close." However, he admits that he keeps most of it to himself. Simple things contribute to Larry's happiness. "Just the bare necessities of life keep me happy." The activity that keeps Larry happy is "Living." He explains, "I am happy that I am alive when I wake up in the morning. Oh hey, if I am alive one more day, I have a chance." About the only thing that makes Larry unhappy any more is illness. "There's nothing that will ta... ...u don't like, but hey, if you dislike things enough, you will do something about them." When asked if he is pleased with his current interpersonal relationships, Larry said, "Yes." Larry also had some thoughts on religion. "I know that there is a higher power, and I believe in that. I came from a religious family, and I rebelled against that. But, I do believe there is something there, a Supreme Being or something like that." Larry also gave a piece of advice for achieving happiness. "If you treat people nice, they will treat you nice. Generally speaking. That is the way I have lived, somewhat of a golden rule." I think that Larry is an intelligent and understanding person, and I can tell that he is well loved by his family and friends. What I admire most is that he is a survivor, and will not let himself get down over the fact that life is not always fair.

An Existentialism View Toward Batman and Naruto Essay

I. Theory of Existentialism Existentialism is a philosophical movement that posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives, as opposed to deities or authoritites creating it for them. It emerged as a movement in twentieth-century literature and philosophy, though it had forerunners in earlier centuries. Existentialism generally postulates that the absence of a transcendent force (such as God) means that the individual is entirely free, and therefore, ultimately responsible. It is up to humans to create an ethos of personal responsibility outside any branded belief system. In existentialism views, personal articulation of being is the olny way to rise above humanity`s absurd condition of much suffering and inevitable death. Existentialism is a reaction against traditional philosophies, such as rationalism and empiricism, that seek to discover an ultimate order in metaphysical principles or in the structure of the observed world, and thereby seek to discover universal meaning. Existentialism originated with the nineteenth-century philosophers Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. It became prevalent in Continental philosophy, and literary figures such as Fyodor Dostoevsky also contributed to the movement. In the 1940s and 1950s, French existentialism such as Jean-Paul Satre, Albert Camus, and Simone de Beauvoir, wrote scholarly and fictional works that popularized existential themes such as â€Å"dread, boredom, alienation, the absurd, freedom, commitment, and nothingness. † Walter Kaufmann describes existentialism as â€Å"The refusal to belong to any school of thought, the repudiation of the adequacy of any body of beliefs whatever, and especially of systems, and a marked dissatisfaction with traditional phylosophy as superficial, academic, and remote from life. † Existentialism tends to focus on the question of human existence – the feeling that there is no purpose, indeed nothing, at the core of existence. Finding a way to counter this nothingness, by embracing existence, is the fundamental theme of existentialism, and the root of the phylosophy’s name. In existentialism view, they asserts that a human finds oneself already in a world and prior context that the human cannot think away. In other words, the ultimate and unquestionable reality is not consciousness but existence. A central proposition of existentialism is that humans define their own meaning in life. Such a view might be phrased technically by philosophers as existence precedes essence, that is a human’s existence conceptually precedes the essence or meaning that may be ascribed to the life. Satre, in Essays in Extentialism, further highlights this consciousness of being thrown into existence in the following fashion: â€Å"If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. † Emphasizing action, freedom, and decision as fundamental, existentialist oppose themselves to rationalism and positivism. That is, they argue against definitions of human beings as primarily rational. Rather, existentialists look at where people find meaning. Existentialism asserts that people actually make decisions based on what has meaning to them rather that what is rational. A further type of existentialism is agnostic existentialists, who make no claim to know whether or not there is a â€Å"greater picture†; rather, they simply assert that the greatest truth is that which the individual chooses to act upon. II. What is Superhero A superhero – sometimes written as super hero – is a fictional character of extraordinary physical ability dedicated to acts in the sake of public interest. Since the debut of the prototypal superhero Superman in 1938, stories of superheroes – ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years-long sagas – have dominated American comic books and crossed over into other media. A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine or super heroine. By most definitions, characters need not have actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes, not, although sometimes terms such as costumed crimefighters are used to refer to those without such powers who have many other common traits of superheroes. The two-word version of the term is a trademark co-owned by DC Comics and Marvel Comics. There have been successful superheroes in other countries most of whom share the conventions of the American model. Examples include Cybersix from Argentina, Captain Canuck from Canada and the heroes of AK Comics from Egypt. For this Western area, I will take Batman as the representative. Unlike many superheroes, Batman has no superpowers and instead relies on his own scientific knowledge, detective skills, an athletic abilities. Batman is physically at the peak of human ability in dozens of areas, notably martial arts, acrobatics, strenght, and escape artistry. Rather than simply outfighting his opponents, Batman often uses cunning and planning to outwit them. Batman’s costumes incorporates the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals. Japan is the only country that nears the US in output of superheroes. The earlier of these wore scarves either in addition to or as a substitute for capes and many wear helmets instead of masks. Moonlight Mask, Ultraman, Kamen Rider, Super Sentai (the basis for Power Rangers), Metal Heroes and Kikaider have become popular in Japanese tokusatsu live-action shows, and Science Ninja Team Gatchaman, Casshan, The Guyver, and Sailor Moon are staples of Japanese anime and manga. However, most Japanese superheroes are shorter-lived. While American entertainment companies update and reinvent superheroes, hoping to keep them popular for decades, Japanese companies retire and introduce superheroes more quickly, usually on an annual basis, in order to shorten merchandise lines. In addition, Japanese manga often targets female readers, unlike U. S. comics, and has created such varieties as â€Å"magical girl† (e. g. Cardcaptor Sakura) for this audience. For this Eastern area, I will take Naruto as the representative. Naruto whose full name is Uzumaki Naruto is a young boy who dreams of becoming the leader of his Hidden Village. It will be difficult though for Naruto, because when he was a baby an evil demon was placed inside him to stop its rampage. As Naruto grew the townspeople saw Naruto himself as the demon, even though he was merely its container. Naruto lives in a world populated by ninja villages. The ninja serve as the armies for the countries that inhabit the world. Most of the countries have their own Hidden Village, which serves to train and manage the ninja of the country. Also the ninja in the series are able to utilize jutsu techniques, which are the secrecy, body and illusion arts of the ninja. These allow the ninja to perform many amazing skills such as the manipulation of the surrounding elements. III. Batman and Naruto: Their Differences and Their Revelance In Existentialism The true feature of Batman as a common people is Bruce Wayne, a millionaire industrialist. He inherited a big corporation, Wayne Corporation, from his father. The ego ‘Batman’ was born because of two accident. The first was the murder of Bruce’s parents. Bruce witnessed his parent killed in a gun-accident. A street-criminal shot them to death. The second was Bruce falling down into a cave in Wayne’s manor. He fell into a dark and humid cave where a hundred of bats lived. Those two accidents led Bruce to learn about martial arts and gadget-operating skill in order to fight the crime in Gotham city. His fear of bat made him wear a bat-costume in doing his operation. Thus, Batman as a superhero who fight a crime has born. This is the very purpose why Batman wants to fight crime: a personal vendetta against criminals. Since Batman does not have any superpowers, he relies on his own scientific knowledge, detective skills, an athletic abilities. Also his wealth enables him to get much modern and sophisticated gadget in order to beat his nemesis. In other hand, Naruto, instead of his lack of intellectual ability in solving a problem, his friend still considers some of his actions brilliant. Naruto does all of his action by intuition, not by a precise step as a ninja should do. What makes Naruto a superhero is that he possesses massive abundant chakra energy inside his body. This chakra is originated from a Nine-Tailed Demon Fox that is sealed inside his body. Together with his friends and mentor, Naruto solve the problem and fight with the evil ninjas. They act in a group of 4 ,3 ninjas and a mentor. They perform a close combat by using martial arts and ninjutsu, and a long-range combat by using flying dagger or shuriken. Once they accomplished a mission, they report to the hokage, which is the leader of the village. Yet, the very important thing that makes they both become a superhero is that there exist some nemesis, villains, that must be eliminated. They both make some struggles to get rid of those system distracted. What differentiate them is the way they make these struggles. Batman eliminates crime in Gotham by his own rule. He does not obey the rules prevailed in that city. He intentionally takes action againts criminal without involving the authorities. It can be concluded that Batman makes his own system to fix the system. However, Batman – intentionally or not – does not kill his enemy. He just sents those criminals to the authorities, to be prisoned or not. Batman’s worst nemesis, The Joker, is still alive until now. Although they often have some ‘fight’, but neither Batman or The Joker is condemned to death. While Naruto’s job is to keep the system in his village to be kept save. He does not violate the system prevailed in his village, instead he is forced to obey that system. His acts are being ruled by Hokage, the highest authority in the village. He is a kind of ‘paid’ superhero that acts upon a mission that is given by that Hokage. Once they accomplished that mission, they have report to that Hokage. Here, Naruto biggest enemy, Kabuto, is remain alive until now. What makes this difference? It is because the different culture that affect the people in West and East. Why Batman have a nerve to make his own system to fix the main system prevailed in his city is due to the Western way of thinking. Western culture tends to emphasize critical thinking. They are learned to break the rules if they think that there are some errors in those rules. Their new ideas are being welcomed, even they are supported to make new inventions. While Eastern country tend to ‘close their eyes’. They have to accept what the older people says. They are not being couraged to make some critics toward the culture. They tend to give high respect (sometimes not in a proper measure) toward conventional ideas. Here it implies in the way Batman and Naruto makes their struggle to fight crimes. Then another point where existentialism takes place also emmerges. Why those superheroes do not kill their enemies? It is because they ‘need’ their nemesis so that they can be a superheroes still. Let’s we go back to the question of what makes those superheroes superhero? What do they pursue? They want to eliminate crimes. Then we come to the question of what causes this crime? Criminals. So superheroes exist because there are some criminals. If there are no criminals, so there are no superheroes. Like what Satre has said, â€Å"If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefineable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. † Thus, superhero is nothing if there is no criminal to make him defineable. This is the meaning of existence preceding essence. I would like to use the term that coined by Heidegger, â€Å"throwness†, that is human beings are â€Å"thrown† into existence without having chosen it. Whether superhero or the enemy do not have the power to choose what they want to be. First they just exist in the world, then they just do the thing that they believe as a greatest truth. This is that greatest truth that they choose to act upon to find the essences of their existencies. Noviana Indah Tri Wahyuni a paper for Comparative Studies Superhero Theme.

Crime Hotspots in Washington DC

Crime Hotspots in Washington DC Free Online Research Papers Crime hot spots are considered crime infested areas. A hot spot is an area that has a greater than average number of criminal or disorder events, or an area where people have a higher than average risk of victimization (Weisburd, 2005). Hot spots vary and may be hotter than others. All neighborhoods, good or bad, have crime hot spots. Most streets free from crime have problematic areas. Factors that contribute to hot spots are always different. Most hot spots is a place that several crimes occur in. Even in a high-crime area, crime is concentrated in a few places or places with no crime at all. Underlying causes of crime occur in places where repeated crime with different victims, repeated victimization, and different places. People fall victim to crime doing normal business such as going to and from school, work, bus stops, shopping, or recreation activities. These crimes occur along routes that offenders usually use. Hot spots for crime occur were victim’s frequently visits most such as gas stations, retail stores, convenience stores, and fast food stores. Another hot spot for crime occur along routes with high traffic drug dealing. In recent years, hot spots in Washington, DC have become increasing problematic and increasingly high in crime. These spots include Anacostia, Outter Southeast, H Street Corridor, The NE SE Quadrants, Ivy City, Drake Place, and Trinidad just to name a few. In the fight against crime in hot spots, many police department in DC have adopted many strategic tactics including the use of curfews and surveillance cameras in high-crime areas and initiated new search-and-seize methods to get guns off the street (Lanier, 2005). In May 2008, a rash or fatal shootings in the Trinidad section instituted a five day checkpoint check by officers of any driver wishing to enter the area. Other method that is presently being used In DC to combat the war on crime includes targeted patrols. Target patrols concentrate on crime hot spots and time that they occur, also called hot times. In a targeted patrol, many officers cover a specific area in marked police cars with flashing lights to maximize visibility to offenders (Lanier, 2005). Also, targeting specific areas or different types of crimes with high-tech policing that give investigators the capability to analyze crime minute-by-minute increasing greater ability and success in the attack on crime before it happens. These tactics have proved to be very valuable by reducing crime within 90 days (Lanier, 2005). Research Papers on Crime Hotspots in Washington DCThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

How to Give a Great Presentation

How to Give a Great Presentation How to Give a Great Presentation Giving a presentation is, for many students, a stressful experience; even the most studious of us can find ourselves lost for words when faced with a roomful of expectant faces, gazing out in quiet anticipation. But being able to give an oral presentation is vital for your education and can help your career prospects. Rather than feeling nervous about it, you should therefore think of giving a talk as a chance to develop your communication and presentation skills. There are plenty of things you can do to make giving a presentation go smoothly too, including the following†¦ Practice, Practice, Practice! It’s an obvious place to start, but practicing your presentation will help make sure it goes perfectly on the day. Factors to consider include timing, the structure of your talk and the kind of questions your audience might ask. You should try reading your presentation out loud, as if to an audience. If you have a few willing friends, they could even listen, ask questions and give you feedback. Alternatively, you could also give your presentation to the mirror or record yourself and listen back afterwards. Be Prepared†¦ On the day before your presentation, try to get a good night’s rest. Likewise, on the day, make sure you eat healthily so you’ll have the energy required to engage with your audience. Moreover, try to turn up around fifteen minutes before your presentation is due to begin, or however long you need to settle in and set up any resources you plan to use, such as laptops, projectors or handouts. Be Confident Easier said than done sometimes, but even pretending to feel confident will help you communicate clearly while giving your presentation. Good tips include dressing smartly, making eye contact with your audience and not feeling like you have to apologize for yourself. If you need a moment to gather your thoughts at any point, stopping briefly to take a sip of water will allow you to think (and keep you hydrated). This can be especially helpful when answering audience questions. Be Heard! It’s important to make yourself heard when giving a presentation. This means addressing the entire audience (not just the first row), speaking at a steady pace (not rushing) and vocalizing clearly (not speaking into your chest). It’s a good idea to have notes to guide your presentation, but try not to just read them out loud, as this is often unengaging for an audience. Use Visual Aids These days, most presentations are accompanied by visual aids, such as hand outs and PowerPoint slideshows. These can be a great addition to your talk, but try not to rely on them too much.

Management Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Concepts - Essay Example There are several reasons for such a feeble sales growth, which are discussed in the next paragraph. Major issues faced by Hogsmeadow Glass center Inventory: Hogsmeadow offers a diverse variety of products to its customers both seasonal and year round ones. The owner finds it extremely difficult to precisely estimate the amount of products, specially the perishable and seasonal ones, and thus ultimately ends up suffering loss due to either selling the off season products on huge discounts or throwing off the spoiled products. Estimating the precise amount of the stock is a crucial financing decision as significant costs are associated with the wrong choice. Estimating too low of the product leads to stock out cost, thus waving the customers away. Keeping a stock also results in cost of maintaining the inventory. Thus it is necessary to calculate the amount at which the overall cost of inventory is minimal. There is no appropriate procedure for the calculation of the stock which resul ts in a mere guess as to the amount to be stocked. This dearly cost them. Honeydukes Restaurant: Honeydukes restaurant is the only eatable spot in the surrounding area and thus often experience a gigantic load of customers to enjoy its eatable products and services. Due to the increase in the load, the resulting large queue often enrages the customers and they turn back without enjoying their meals. Three reasons may account for the resulting long queue. 1. The misallocation of work among the available staff: As evident from the case study, from among the 12 staff members, seven are deployed for kitchen work and one each for remaining errands. This allocation of work among the staff members seem inappropriate which results in people standing for long in queue for their turn in peak time. 2. Small area over which the restaurant spreads: Though the area occupied by restaurant has not been stated, yet it is clear from the case study that restaurant does not have enough seating for peak times when people reserve their places by placing their belongings. This shows that some of the visitors may not find a place to sit in and enjoy. One other reason pointed out in the case study for the seating problem is that people, after enjoying their meals or other orders, just sit there for long without any reason thus further causing the acute shortage of chairs. 3. The part of the self-service procedure: The restaurant has a policy of partly self-service and partly assisted service for its customers. The self service results in long queues, having people to wait for long thus resulting in frustration among them. Division of service between self and assisted may be a suitable option for restaurants having organized systems with efficient and multi tasking personnel and a sufficiently larger area to accommodate for such a system. Though self service essentially reduces cost of staff scheduling but for this to work out, staff should be properly trained to work at their maximum speed so that the customers are catered to instantly. In case of Honeydukes staff members, it seems that the kitchen personnel are not trained to deal with many orders simultaneously as evident from the case study. It takes more then the usual time in peak hours to prepare children lunch boxes. Staffing issues: Hogsmeadow Garden Center also has staffing issues. As stated by Don Dursley, finding the right person for the

Beauty and the Beast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Beauty and the Beast - Essay Example Although there are many versions, this paper will compare and contrast Villeneuve version with that of Disney because of the characters used, setting and plotting. The versions are different in some aspects and at the same time similar. For instance, similarities and differences arises by focusing on the main characters in the story. In the Disney version, the Beast is selfish and whiny who revenged actions of others, such as the woman who refused sheltering . This is contrary to the Villeneuve version where the Beast is unselfish and the only wrong portrayed is refusing to marry his governess. For this reason, I see that the characters in the two versions are different in that one is punished for wrongdoing while the other falls victim of injustices. Similarly, I feel the two versions are different in the way they portray the main character, Belle. In the Disney version, she is the only child of the inventor and lives in France. People love her, and they always bust into songs in her praise. She was the beautiful girl in the village, but unaware of her beauty, making her develop an interest in books and adventuring rather than a housewife.Far rell (315) also supports this observation Contrarily, the Villeneuve versions portray Belle as the youngest daughter of the merchant who lives a luxurious life in the city.Okapina (10) also shares the same sentiments. From all these, one character has different meanings hence confusing the reader as portrayed in the two versions. Secondly, I feel the two versions are different on their expositions. For instance, Disney version names Belle’s father as Maurice and he successfully managed the wood chopping invention making him move to different towns with the hope of winning a prize in fair. However, he got lost on his way back in the woods before coming across the Beast’s castle. In Villeneuve version, the father was referred as the merchant who lost all his wealth because of fire and others taken to pay

M&M chocolate candy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

M&M chocolate candy - Essay Example The organization is well known for its confectionary brands like Mars bars, M&M’s, Milky Way bars, Snickers, Skittles, and Twix. Currently, the M&M’s chocolate candy is sold in over 100 countries worldwide. The most catching feature of this product is that its unique taste is appealable to people belonging to all age groups. The corporate principle of manufacturing chocolate products in domestic markets reduces the operational efficiency of the organization. In addition, the company is exposed to FDA regulations as it operates in the consumer foods industry. The strong global presence and high brand recognition are the major strengths of the company whereas expensive marketing campaigns seem to be a weakness of the business. Currently, M&M’s adopts a competitive pricing strategy because the product has been on the market for decades and there are numerous close substitutes for this product. Global market expansion, increased focus on social media promotion, and effective brand establishment are some of the marketing objectives identified for the M&M’s over the coming years. The organization is advised to rely mainly on direct and retail marketing channels to accomplish the marketing objectives proposed. The direct marketing channel strategy can benefit the organization to generate more sales through its website and to offer cheaper rates to end consumers. However, the business concern may also depend on other marketing channel strategies like advertising, sales promotion, and e-mail marketing that can increase its sales vol ume and meet marketing objectives.

Social work and substance abuse Essay Example for Free

Social work and substance abuse Essay From the 1920s to the 1950s social workers were not focused on helping alcoholic or drug-dependent people. Instead back then they worked with the spouse of the chemically dependent person. Juvenile drug use was not investigated until 1952. In 1957 social workers were urged to help change public attitudes towards alcoholism. In 1970 legislation was passed that was to affect the delivery of services including social work services to alcoholic clients. Soon courses were offered at school about alcoholism. Now social workers have many different techniques used when working with substance abusers. Social workers today encounter substance abuse across all fields. Views on substance abuse have changed greatly over the past 100 years. It used to not be as prevalent as it is now. Social workers only usually were concerned with adults but they did not realize that it starts with adolescents. The public is now more aware of the effects of substance abuse, they are able to help family member to get the right treatment for their addiction. 100 years ago there were not support groups for people with substance abuse. Now there are meeting such as AA that is available for alcoholics to go and talk about the addiction and these meeting help them in the recovery process. Social workers found that it was effective having the patients talk with other patients that have gone through the same process and experiences. Ronald Reagan helped promote these changes. He got funding set up to help get the police to stop the import and sale of illegal substances. The amount of people going to jail with drug related charges started to go up. Insurance companies decided to help pay for substance abuse care that was delivered in the general hospitals. This though led to the closure of many residential treatment centers. There have been some positive and some negative changes. When social workers started to help people with substance abuse and meetings such as AA meeting were established it was very effective. I believe that substance abuse is something that is very important and needed much attention 100 years ago. I also believe that when the police started to crackdown and stop the sale of illegal drugs that was effective. I did not think that is was a good chance when the insurance companies decided to only pay for help in only general hospitals. If anything they should be covering the stay at residential treatments centers. General hospitals only keep the patient for a few days and then they let them go, that is not enough time for substance abuse patients to get better. They would be better off in treatment centers where they are able to go through detox and meet with other patients.

Cult Leaders And Their Abuse Of Power :: essays research papers

Cult leaders and their abuse of power Although power should be used with virtue by those with those with good intentions, many of the world's most powerful people use power in ways that purposefully harm other people, the most famous example of this case being Adolf Hitler during World War II. More generally, this includes some past (and present) members of the Royal families, some political leaders as well as a few religious leaders who have used their power to manipulate those lower than them in social status. An example of a power-abusing "religious" leader is Reverend Jim Jones who initiated a ritual suicide to protest racism and fascism. Although in his own mind he had food intentions, to save the world from the Armageddon, he was insane and in the overabundance of power, he was able to kill more than 900 people. It is unclear whether Jim Jones had committed suicide at the ritual or was shot by another, so it is uncertain to say that he had any intentions to die also. Although his protests were for good mo ral purposes, it was wrong of him to use his status as chairman of the Housing Authority and award receiver to gather extra followers to join the suicide. Here he had overstepped the line to abuse the power he was appointed by putting other people's lives at jeopardy. Being in his position, he was most likely aware that he had many supporters believing in him who would gladly follow his lead. It is at this point where he chose to abuse his power by taking advantage of the people who had the most respect and admiration for him. Charles Manson is an example of a cult leader who abused his power, however with intentions very unlike Jim Jones'. Charles Manson wanted revenge for all the wrong he had encountered which is much more selfish and very different from Jim Jones. Charles Manson had experienced a very bumpy childhood being the son of a teenage, bisexual, alcoholic prostitute. Being shuffled between homes of relatives and orphanages, it is not surprising to see that his criminal a ctivity sprouted from a very early age. Manson's incredibly charisma attracted many hippies and he managed to earn himself s reputation as god-like in the eyes of many beautiful girls. When Manson and his "Family" settled down in Spahn Ranch he was able to sleep with a different girl each night.

Fire Crackers :: essays research papers

Our Lives Versus Firecrackers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bong! Bong! Bong! These are the typical sounds one would hear passing by a Chinatown around February of every year. Indeed, these are the sounds of firecrackers, which are distinctive features Chinese people use to welcome a new beginning on Chinese New Year. However, can anyone imagine how many people have died or have been injured by these explosive features? According to a report, a firecracker storage area in China caught fire which caused the death of forty-seven people. An event of happy celebration unfortunately ended up being a tragically one. This leaves a question that needs to be answered: Should people's lives be sacrificed in order to keep the tradition of New Year celebration?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being a Chinese, I truely understand that Chinese New Year is the most important and most celebrated holiday for Chinese. In addition, firecracker displays are always the first event to be launched off as the New Year arrives. According to older generations, firecrackers are considered not only a sign of getting rid of the old and welcoming the new, but are also believed to be able to dispel the evils. As a result, Chinese families deem the activity as an important one. However, it seems like this tradition is kept at the expense Lee 2 of innocent people's lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In fact, firecrackers can lead to significant casualties if people don't use it appropriately. In recent years, firecrackers are bannedb in some states in America. There are a total of 11 states that ban all types of firecrackers while some states only allow few types of firecrackers. Most leniently states such as Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida still allow all types of firecrackers ( Essoyan; Los Angeles Time ). The administration of some states has refused to allow the setting off of firecrackers during Chinese New Year celebration because these state governments believe that these explosives are too dangerous. Moreover, firecrackers have also been banned in China, after the firecracker storage area explosion incident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to its explosiveness, firecrackers are hazardous to people's health and lives. First of all, according to sources, firecrackers can trigger pneumonia or bronchitis caused by inhaling the smoke generated by firecrackers ( Kammerer; South China Morning Post ). Furthermore, many children do not realize the danger firecrackers can cause and are often burned and injured by these substances. Even adults can be physically harmed by firecrackers if they do not pay enough attention during the usage.

Overpopulation in the Philippines Essay

It has been a politically perceived issue that there is over population in the Philippines. This issue has been constantly blamed for the aggravating poverty situation. One side is claiming that unbridled population increase is putting so much strain on the financial and food resources of the country that more and more Filipinos are no longer eating three square meals a day. Economic rating system is also stating a poor Filipino family is earning just below $1 per day. This certainly can hardly feed a family of 4 or more. On the other side, it is claimed that the cause of poverty is government corruption. They rightfully claim that while it’s true that the poor are constantly increasing, and that the income gap between them and the next economic level is likewise widening, financial resources that are intended to support the poor are being pocketed by corrupt government officials. Population is not the cause of poverty, corruption is, the Catholic Church claims. The government is keen on crafting remedies to curb population. Several laws have been passed to curb corruption. But since they lack heavy punitive measures, they became hardly effective. Corruption has already downgraded the country’s economic standing that adversely affected our capability to borrow money from credit or financial institutions, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. So the government resorted to drafting a bill that drew the ire of the conservative and the Catholic Church. Foremost is the reproductive health bill, which was authored by Senator Pia Cayetano and Congressman Edcel Lagman. The bill underwent rough sailing on the legislative seas. The President is set to sign the bill into law before 2012 ends. DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE Reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. One interpretation of this implies that men and women ought to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control; also access to appropriate health care services of sexual, reproductive medicine and implementation of health education programs to stress the importance of women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth could provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. On the other hand individuals do face inequalities in reproductive health services. Inequalities vary based on socioeconomic status, education level, age, ethnicity, religion, and resources available in their environment. It is possible for example, that low income individuals lack the resources for appropriate health services and the knowledge to know what is appropriate for maintaining reproductive health. As a personal opinion, reproductive health is also the ability of a couple – a man and a woman – to reproduce and raise children. It is a genetic process of increasing the number of the earth’s inhabitants which continuously work for their own sustenance or provide for their basic needs to survive – food, shelter, etc. But the disproportionate increase of population vis-à  -vis resources, the consequentially widening disparity between these two elements is putting strains on both the natural and financial resources. Science has undertaken remedies to increase food production and sustain natural resources. Sustainable development is employed. There are successes in several countries, especially in rich countries. But other countries, particularly the third world, where governments are  beleaguered by ineptitude and corruption have hardly taken off. The Philippines, for example, continue to lag behind in development and food production due to this problem. Over population, as the government and credit or financial institutions claim, is thus blamed as the cause of underdevelopment and poverty. Credit or financial institutions which provide loans to poor countries for development therefore advise poor countries to curb population or their resources shall be depleted and their ability to borrow money from them regulated or limited. In this light, third world or poor countries like the Philippines had to craft laws that they believe could solve the problem of over population. Thus enters the reproductive health law, other government policies intended to curb over population in the pipeline. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the RH Law, is a legislation in the Republic of the Philippines guaranteeing universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as condoms, birth control pills (BCPs) and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers. On October 2012, a revised version of the legislation was re-named the Responsible Parenthood Act and was filed in the House of Representatives as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming opposition in the country, especially from the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines. The law is highly divisive and controversial, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church and various other conservative groups, have  been happening nationwide. It has polarized the Filipino nation. PRESENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE VIEWS Differing opinions have emerged from various sectors and divided the people into the â€Å"pros† and â€Å"cons† – or those against and for the RH Law. The Catholic Church, whose doctrine of pro-life as understood from the bible, is firmly against the Reproductive Health bill; and position is absolute and uncompromising, said an official of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). There is no way that the Church will soften its position against the controversial bill. It allegedly opposes the bill because of its anti-life provisions, or the contraceptive program it engenders. The Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP) also joined the Catholic Church’s voice in opposing the bill. These groups propose that the best form of birth regulation is self-discipline. Instead of allotting P2 billion from taxpayer’s money for the purchase of contraceptives, CEAP has urged lawmakers to use the money for education, livelihood and basic public services. The same position is shared by other groups and some conservative religious denominations which value life right at conception or the union of the woman’s egg cell and the man’s sperm cell. These â€Å"cons† reason that over population is not the problem, or that there is no over population. The purported over population stems from the fact that the government has failed to developed provinces or areas beyond the metropolitans areas. Metropolitan Manila and its suburban cities are booming while remote provinces are simply relying on primitive farming and minimally supported livelihood. In search of the needed fund to support livelihood in their home province, some people thus migrate to the cities to find work. Government has allocated some fund to sustain agriculture livelihood. Unfortunately, this is not sufficient to effect significant progress on farming system. Moreover, corrupt officials tasked to administer the fund  tend to pocket some of the funds. Faming infrastructures funded by local taxes and foreign donations are limited, thus unable to lift the struggling rural economy. The poor farmers have already been subservient to private lenders and banks. And their produce has only become fodder for loan sharks, who lend these farmers virtually everything they need including their food. In effect, they could hardly recover, to whom their produce would simply go as payment for their debts. To the pro-RH Bill, they claim that the reproductive health bill would allow greater access to modern contraceptives and sex education. It allegedly proposes more maternal health services, raising the number of midwives to one for every 150 deliveries. Contraceptives would also be funded for poor women and would be included in the standard supplies of medicine in hospitals. Modern family planning methods would be provided in all accredited health facilities. The bill, allegedly, will provide adequate funding to the population program. It is a departure from the present setup in which the provision for reproductive health services is devolved to local government units, and consequently, subjected to the varying strategies of local government executives and suffers from a dearth of funding. It will promote information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible. It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed choice on the mode of family planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. It does not have any bias for or against either natural or modern family planning. It will also promote sustainable human development. Taken as a basis for the â€Å"pros† stand, the UN stated in 2002 that family planning and reproductive health are essential to reducing poverty. The UNICEF also asserts that family planning could bring more benefits to more people at less cost than any other single technology now available to the human race. According to this group, coverage of RH are the following: (1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4)  Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of violence against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and participation in RH; (11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and (12) RH education for the youth. The principal author of the RH Bill, Congressman Edcel Lagman of Albay, claims that the bill is not anti-life, totally discrediting the â€Å"cons† stand, but allegedly a pro-quality life. Allegedly, it will ensure that children will be blessings for their parents since their births are planned and wanted. Additionally, he stated that the bill will empower couples with the information and opportunity to plan and space their children. This will not only strengthen the family as a unit but also optimize care for children who will have more opportunities to be educated, healthy and productive. The Congressman further stated that the bill does not interfere with family life, but will enhance family life: The family is more than a natural nucleus; it is a social institution whose protection and development are impressed with public interest. It is not untouchable by legislation. For this reason, the State has enacted the Civil Code on family relations, the Family Code, and the Child and Youth Welfare Code. Further according to the Congressman, the bill does not legalize abortion: It expressly provides that abortion remains a crime and prevention of abortion is essential to fully implement. (To this, the Catholic Church countered that the Reproductive Health Bill as a precursor will eventually pave the way for more anti-life policies, like legalization of abortion and divorce, which are already in the pipeline). He used comparative reports or information to bolster his position. He stated that it is not true all countries where contraceptive use is promoted eventually legalize abortion. Many Catholic countries criminalize abortion even as they vigorously promote contraceptive use like Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Paraguay and Ireland. The Muslim and Buddhist countries of Indonesia and Laos also promote contraceptive use yet proscribe abortion. According to studies, correct and regular use of contraceptives reduces abortion rates by as much as 85 percent and negates the need to legalize  abortion. Furthermore, contraceptives, allegedly, do not have life-threatening side effects. Medical and scientific evidence shows that all the possible medical risks connected with contraceptives are infinitely lower than the risks of an actual pregnancy and everyday activities. The author also claims that the bill simply recognizes the verifiable link between a huge population and poverty. Unbridled population growth stunts socioeconomic development and aggravates poverty. The connection between population and development is well-documented and empirically established. However, in countries where population control is prevalent, there is now evidence that they are wanting of more able and young workforce. Japan for instance is having problem with its ageing workforce to sustain its preeminent economic standing. The country has practiced population control in order to create huge surplus of resources and production which they sell or trade abroad to infuse large income to its export-oriented economy. Sadly, the country is now experiencing workforce shortage. Population control has become detrimental to their economic progress. On the other hand, China, the world’s most populous nation, is now enjoying economic boom due to a huge supply of human resource. The country is able to provide cheap labor to industrial countries around the world with huge economic benefit. This could prove that over population is not completely the cause of poverty. Considering some demographic profiles, some provinces are more populated than others on a person per area basis. There is just disproportionate distribution of inhabitants. Metro Manila is over populated due to unregulated influx of rural people in search of menial or professional work. Work pay is the difference. While Metro Manila is offering wages which comply with lawful rates, provincial wages are lesser. The amenities are like conspicuous everywhere in Metro Manila than anywhere in Luzon. Worldly things are just hard to resist that many people are flocking to Metro Manila. The same thing happens in metropolitan cities of the Visayas and Mindanao. Consequently, farms are somewhat abandoned for the sake of seeking financial gains from working in factories or offices. This exodus of farm workers leaving the farm could somehow create a vacuum in the farms. Food production thus construed as a sign of poverty. There appears to be three major points of view from which to approach the controversial reproductive health bill, namely: legal, moral, and scientific. This is so since, the proposed legislative measure once enacted into law will affect society. In short, there are many stakeholders by differing institutional concerns. It then becomes difficult to erect a tripod to hold the issue that has carried so much weight. There are those who think, once legislated, the proposed Reproductive Health will in fact set the stage for other anti-life laws or so-called D.E.A.T.H. bills (acronym for death, euthanasia, abortion, two-child policy, and homosexuality). The problem that has been viciously overlooked in our legislative mill is the fact that legislators themselves violate the rule that a bill should have only one subject matter. Up until today, there is a serious opposition to a reproductive health bill in whatever form or substance it comes simply because there are such groups or organizations that are against it. For instance, the CBCP is against it and for that matter other like-minded Catholic sub-groups. True enough, from the time it was first filed in the past Congresses, the bill already experienced a string of failures – to be passed into law – owing to provisions that are questionable legally, morally, and scientifically. It can be said that again, this proposed HB 812 may go through another rough sailing unless it can be railroaded in Congress and Senate. One theory stands in defense of the bill which claims it is necessary in order to curb population growth which is now pegged at 86 million Filipinos as well as for the sake of limited resources such as rice. But the myth of this Malthusian fear has already been settled long ago and it does not anymore hold water. Why a ‘zero population growth’ as that which was a  matter of policy in the whole of the United States and Europe? If we consider the earnings being remitted into our country from OFWs as the single factor that buoys up our fledging if pale economy, then we should have no reason to argue against this bill. That ‘zero population policy’ practiced by countries in the First Bloc now reached the irreversible scenario of a graying population that depletes their respective economies in heavy state subsidies. The National Academy of Science and Technology supports reproductive health bill. The Catholic Church or the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines does not. There are pro-life advocates versus pro-choice advocates. This camp says it involves no abortion, another camp says otherwise. This group claims contraceptives to be abortifacient, another such group claims it is not so. Within the legal community, a wedge divides their sentiments as to whether it is against the Divine Law to allow any room of choice toward abortion or to some extent euthanasia. Cases of abortion do sometimes involve â€Å"life-boat ethics† – that Catch 22 of having to choose which person to save – the unborn babe or the mother. There are issues at every loop, claims at every turn, and cries in every direction the bill takes – for or against. Moralists, legalists, scientists follow their own lines of thinking that are parallel unto one another – no lines intersect. There is where the problem lies. Is it then possible to weave from various strands or threads a beautiful tapestry of the proposed bill? Has it become time to curb population growth or corruption? CONCLUSION Whether it is called reproductive health, or responsible parenthood, the debate is a polarizing one. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines came out with a pastoral letter, on the issue of the Reproductive Health/Responsible Parenthood Bill. Their words, alleging they come from the spring well of morality. It is why when you read, or listen to the pastoral letter, or the position of the Church they think that contraceptives are immoral, or are abominations. There is nothingwrong with that position, and it is a perfectly valid one from a certain point of view. On the other end of the spectrum, the proponents of the Reproductive Health Bill say, â€Å"yes we should.† What the proposed legislation is about: it asks the government to explain to men and women, regardless whether they are married, single or of age, about their human bodies. They teach about a full range of methods— natural family planning, artificial contraceptions, from Condoms to IUDs to the Pil l and the morning after pill and everything else in between. Now, all this isn’t new. Growing up and studying in a Catholic school, these were things taught to us. And at the end of the day, it is about making an informed decision on what’s important to us. Biologically? Men have their urges. Women have their needs. Science tells us that the human race has been around for about 150,000 years. We wouldn’t be here if humans didn’t have those instincts. What the bill proposes to do is to put everything in the forefront. To make informing people mandatory, and to put the choice front and center and readily available for every Filipino, regardless of age, or social status. This chasm is just one of many philosophical differences that make it impossible for both the Pro Reproductive Health and the Anti Reproductive health proponents from ever seeing eye to eye. What of President Aquino? The President during the campaign was explicit. He does not fully support the reproductive health bill in the form that it was during the campaign. He was explicit that he believed that the reproductive health bill should be renamed, responsible parenthood bill. The President’s position, based on his Platform when he ran for public office could be summed up as: 1. He is against abortion; 2. He recognizes that there is a population explosion; 3. He is in favor of giving couples the right to choose to manage their families; 4. He believes in cases where the couple is too poor, or is in no position to make an informed decision that the state must take responsibility. 5. He wants all options to be equally presented. That means including Natural Family planning up to modern family methods. 6. He believes  that Parents should play a key role in ensuring every child they bring into the world will have the opportunity to lead good lives. The Aquino position is a logical and fair one. Parents should really play a role in their family’s future. Giving everyone an informed choice, and letting them decide on what to do, instead of ramming the choice down their throat is the logical thing to do. The proposed legislation then has basically met many of those requirements. So, is this still the Aquino position on the issue? If not, what has changed? Rumor has it that Aquino isn’t so hot on the RH Bill. The President of course looks at the priority legislation and sees what he can pass that does the biggest benefit. Did the President see that putting the Reproductive Health Bill or Responsible Parenthood bill on the agenda would prevent other, equally important legislation sidetracked? This is my disappointment with the Aquino Administration. Just come out and say so, and be honest about the whys on the matter. This is why many of those who supported the Administration are coming out to say, â€Å"this isn’t the change we signed up for.† They are so disillusioned with the state of things. In an issue as charged and as polarizing as Reproductive Health or Responsible Parenthood bill or however legislators want to call it, there is a simple way to break the impasse. The President uses all the power of discernment he has. The President simply decides. The RH Bill is about responsibility. It is about making an informed decision, and it appears not just for Filipinos, but for the President as well. But responsibility is not just for the economic well-being of a person but for his/her spiritual well-being too. When we talk about morals, we also must think about our personal responsibility to our own souls, and faithfulness to the church, being the body of Christ. By following or not following what the church teaches is an expression of personal liberty from the dictates of anyone. However, by following the church, the ultimate dictate for human salvation is paramount. After all, just as Christ Himself used to say in the Gospel, â€Å"Thy faith has saved you†, we shall be saved from our steadfastness to our faith. PUNCHLINES â€Å"Safe and satisfying sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Delivered by Sen. Pia Cayetano in her defense of the Reproductive Health Bill, which she authored with Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago, which she means to say women should have the right to safe and satisfying sex. This phrase was moved by Sen. Vicente Sotto to be removed from the bill. â€Å"RH bill is being gift wrapped to look like a gift for maternal health care (even if) it will lead to greater crimes against women.† Catholic Bishops Conference Of The Philippines (CBCP) â€Å"Show me the same law!† Reaction of Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago to Sen. Vicente Sotto’s statement that the Reproductive Health Bill is redundant â€Å"Is there gender discrimination in Philippine society?†Ã‚  Debate between RH bill sponsor Sen. Pia Cayetano and Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile â€Å"Our biggest export is OFWs (Overseas Filipino Workers). That is export. That’s why I’m against RH.† Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile’s statement in his opposition to the RH Bill â€Å"Long after we are gone, we will leave behind not just a law but a whole mentality and a whole culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle warned of the bill’s effect on Filipino Culture and the youth.